Conservation Status of

Selected Elasmobranchs

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) evaluates the conservation status of sharks and rays through its Shark Specialist Group (SSG). The following elasmobranchs are deemed vulnerable, threatened, or endangered and are included on the IUCN's 2000 "Red List".

Grey Reef Shark
(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)
©Simon P. Oliver

Bluntnose Sixgill Shark

Hexanchus griseus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Broadnose Sevengill Shark

Notorynchus cepedianus

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Spiny Dogfish, Piked Dogfish

Squalus acanthias

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk - near threatened

Gulper Shark

Centrophorus granulosus

IUCN Status: VU A1abd + 2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Kitefin Shark

Dalatias licha

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Longnose Sawshark, Common Sawshark

Pristiophorus cirratus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk - near threatened

Argentine Angel Shark

Squatina argentina

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Pacific Angel Shark

Squatina californica

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk - near threatened

Angular Angel Shark

Squatina guggenheim

IUCN Status: VU A1bd + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation ·

Hidden Angel Shark, Smoothback Angel Shark

Squatina occulta

IUCN Status: EN A1abd + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation ·

Angel Shark, European Angel Shark

Squatina squatina

IUCN Status: VU A1abcd + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Horn Shark

Heterodontus francisci

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Port Jackson Shark

Heterodontus portusjacksoni

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Blue-Grey Carpetshark

Heteroscyllium (Brachaelurus) colcloughi

IUCN Status: VU C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Number of mature individuals estimated at <10,000 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Whale Shark

Rhincodon typus

IUCN Status: VU A1bd + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Sandtiger Shark, Grey Nurse Shark

Carcharias taurus

IUCN Status: VU A1ab + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation and

· an appropriate index of abundance

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Status in western South Atlantic and off eastern Australia: EN A1ab + A2d

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Update: the status of the Sandtiger Shark in Australia (where it is known as the Grey Nurse Shark) has been reclassified. There are now only about 500 individuals left on the east coast, they are listed as endangered or critically endangered depending on whether you're looking at State or Federal legislation. The NSF Fisheries department has recently released a draft recovery plan for the species, which is available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/ publications/grey-nurse-plan/index.html

Bigeye Raggedtooth Shark, Bigeye Sandtiger

Odontaspis noronhai

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Crocodile Shark

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Megamouth Shark

Megachasma pelagios

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Common Thresher Shark

Alopias vulpinus

IUCN Status: DD (version 3.1 2001)

Data deficient

Basking Shark

Cetorhinus maximus

IUCN Status: VU A1ad + A2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

White Shark

Carcharodon carcharias

IUCN Status: VU A1bcd + A2cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Shortfin Mako

Isurus oxyrinchus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Shark Jaws in Market
©Tom Raycove, RQCSR
Due to the public's "oral fixation" on sharks, the jaws of these creatures are much sought-after as curios. Here, three shark jaws are displayed for sale at a Honolulu open air market. The largest jaws (at center) were taken from a Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus).

Salmon Shark

Lamna ditropis

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Porbeagle

Lamna nasus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Status in western North Atlantic: LR/cd

Lower risk / conservation dependent

Status in Eastern North Atlantic: VU A1bd + A2d

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Puffadder Shyshark

Haploblepharus edwardsii

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Brown Shyshark

Haploblepharus fuscus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Pyjama Catshark

Poroderma africanum

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Narrowmouth Catshark

Schroederichthyes bivius

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Yellowspotted Catshark

Scyliorhinus capensis

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Barbeled Houndshark

Leptocharias smithii

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Whiskery Shark

Furgaleus macki

IUCN Status: LR/cd (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / conservation dependent

Tope Shark

Galeorhinus galeus

IUCN Status: VU A1bd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Whitefin Topeshark

Hemitriakis leucoperiptera

IUCN Status: EN B1+2ce, C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Either extent of occurrence <5,000km2 or area of occupancy <500km2, either severely fragmented populations or known to exist at =< 5 locations with a continuing decline in:

· area, extent and/or quality of habitat and

· number of mature individuals

Number of mature individuals estimated at <2,500 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Blacktip Topeshark

Hypogaleus hyugaensis

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Gummy Shark

Mustelus antarcticus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / conservation dependent

Starry Smoothhound

Mustelus asterias

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Dusky Smoothhound

Mustelus canis

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Status in western North Atlantic: VU A1d + 2d

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Spotted Estuary Smoothhound

Mustelus lenticulatus

IUCN Status: LR/cd (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / conservation dependent

Smoothhound

Mustelus mustelus

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Flapnose Houndshark

Scylliogaleus quecketti

IUCN Status: VU B1+2c, C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Either extent of occurrence <20,000km2 or area of occupancy < 2,000km2 and continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat.

Number of mature individuals estimated at <10,000 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Sharpfin Houndshark

Triakis (Cazon) acutipinna

IUCN Status: VU C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Number of mature individuals estimated at <10,000 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Sharptooth Houndshark

Triakis (Cazon) megalopterus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Leopard Shark

Triakis semifasciata

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / conservation dependent

Graceful Shark

Carcharhinus (Prionodon) amblyrhynchoides

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Grey Reef Shark

Carcharhinus (Aprionodon) amblyrhynchos

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Grey Reef Shark
(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)
©Simon P. Oliver
Once one of the most abundant sharks of the tropical Indo-West Pacific, the Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) is increasingly difficult to find in the wild, possibly due to bycatch of commercial fisheries.
Photo courtesy Simon P. Oliver.

Java Shark

Carcharhinus (Lamnarius) amboinensis

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Borneo Shark

Carcharhinus (Hypoprion) borneensis

IUCN Status: EN C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Number of mature individuals estimated at <2,500 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Spinner Shark

Carcharhinus (Aprionodon) brevipinna

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Silky Shark

Carcharhinus falciformis

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Pondicherry Shark

Carcharhinus (Hypoprion) hemiodon

IUCN Status: VU C2a (version 2.3 1994)

Number of mature individuals estimated at <10,000 with a continuing decline and fragmented populations of =<1,000 individuals

Smalltooth Shark

Carcharhinus (Aprionodon) leiodon

IUCN Status: VU B1+2c, C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Either extent of occurrence <20,000km2 or area of occupancy < 2,000km2 and continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat.

Number of mature individuals estimated at <10,000 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

Bull Shark

Carcharhinus (Lamnarius) leucas

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Blacktip Shark

Carcharhinus (Aprionodon) limbatus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Oceanic Whitetip Shark

Carcharhinus (Galeolamna) longimanus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Blackfin reef Shark

Carcharhinus melanopterus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Dusky Shark

Carcharhinus (Galeolamna) obscurus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Sandbar Shark

Carcharhinus (Galeolamna) plumbeus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Status in western North Atlantic: LR/cd

Lower risk / Conservation dependent

Tiger Shark

Galeocerdo cuvier

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Ganges Shark

Glyphis gangeticus

IUCN Status: CR A1cde + A2cde, C2b (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >80% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation, and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.

Number of mature individuals estimated at <250 with a continuing decline and all individuals in a single subpopulation.

More about the Ganges Shark

Speartooth Shark

Glyphis glyphis

IUCN Status: EN C2a (version 2.3 1994)

Number of mature individuals estimated at <2,500 with a continuing decline and fragmented populations of =<250 individuals

More about the Speartooth Shark

Lemon Shark

Negaprion brevirostris

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Blue Shark

Prionace glauca

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Atlantic Sharpnose Shark

Rhizoprionodon terraenovae

IUCN Status: LR/lc (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / least concern

Spadenose Shark

Scoliodon laticaudus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Whitetip Reef Shark

Triaenodon obesus

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Whitetip Reef Shark
(Triaenodon obesus)
©Simon P. Oliver
Once one of the most abundant sharks of the tropical Indo-West Pacific, the Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus) is increasingly difficult to find in the wild, possibly due to bycatch of commercial fisheries.
Photo courtesy Simon P. Oliver.

Scalloped Hammerhead

Sphyrna lewini

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Great Hammerhead

Sphyrna mokarran

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Bonnethead

Sphyrna tiburo

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Smooth Hammerhead

Sphyrna zygaena

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Batoids

Knifetooth Sawfish

Anoxypristis cuspidata

IUCN Status: EN A1acde+2cde (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

Dwarf Sawfish, Queensland Sawfish

Pristis clavata

IUCN Status: EN A1acd+2cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Freshwater Sawfish

Pristis microdon

IUCN Status: EN A1abc + A2cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Smalltooth Sawfish, Wide Sawfish

Pristis pectinata

IUCN Status: EN A1abc + A2cd

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Status in eastern North Atlantic and western South Atlantic: CR A1abc + A2cd

A population decline rate of >80% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata). As a group, sawfishes are endangered or critically endangered; in addition to being caught for food, their freshwater and estuarine habitats are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic (human-caused) degradation. Photo courtesy of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.

Largetooth Sawfish

Pristis perotteti

IUCN Status: CR A1abc + A2cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >80% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Common Sawfish

Pristis pristis

IUCN Status: EN A1abc +A2cd

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Green Sawfish

Pristis zijsron

IUCN Status: EN A1bcd+2cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Whitespot Giant Guitarfish

Rhynchobatus djiddensis

IUCN Status: VU A1bd+2d (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on actual or potential levels of exploitation

Brazilian Guitarfish

Rhinobatos horkelii

IUCN Status: CR A1bd + A2bd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >80% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Deepsea Skate

Bathyraja abyssicola

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Common Skate

Dipturus batis

IUCN Status: EN A1abcd+2bcd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· direct observation

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Big Skate

Dipturus binoculata

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Barndoor Skate

Dipturus laevis

IUCN Status: VU A1bcd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Common Skate

Raja batis

IUCN Status: EN A1bcd + A2bcd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Thornback Skate

Raja clavata

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Smalleyed Ray

Raja microocellata

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Maugean Skate, Port Davey Skate

Raja sp. L

IUCN Status: EN B1+2c (version 2.3 1994)

Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km², or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km² (EN), either severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and with a continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

Shorttailed Riversion Stingray

Potamotrygon brachyura

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Tocantins Riversion Ray

Potamotrygon henlei

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Xingu Riversion Ray

Potamotrygon leopoldi

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Ocellate Riversion Stingray

Potamotrygon motoro

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Black Riversion Stingray

Potamotrygon pauckei

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Niger Stingray, Smooth Freshwater Stingray

Dasyatis garouaensis

IUCN Status: VU B1+2cde, C2b (version 2.3 1994)

Mekong Freshwater Stingray

Dasyatis laosensis

IUCN Status: EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2ce (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km², or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km², either severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and with a continuing decline in:

· area, extent and/or quality of habitat

· number of mature individuals

Giant Freshwater Stingray

Himantura chaophraya

IUCN Status: EN A1bcde + A2ce (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

Status in Thailand: CR A1bcde+2ce

A population decline rate of >50% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

Ganges Stingray

Himantura fluviatilis

IUCN Status: EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2c (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of > 80% 50% 20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

and actual or potential levels of exploitation and future projected declines based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

· actual or potential levels of exploitation and

· the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites

Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km² or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km², either severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and with a continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

Marbled Freshwater Stingray

Himantura oxyrhynchus

IUCN Status: EN B1+2c (version 2.3 1994)

Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km², or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km², either severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations and with a continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

White-Edge Freshwater Whipray

Himantura signifer

IUCN Status: EN B1+2c (version 2.3 1994)

Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray

Taeniura lymma

IUCN Status: LR/nt (version 2.3 1994)

Lower risk / near threatened

Porcupine Ray

Urogymnus asperrimus

IUCN Status: VU A1bd, B1+2bcd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of >20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· an appropriate index of abundance and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

· area of occupancy

· area, extent and/or quality of habitat and

· number of locations or subpopulations

Pincushion Ray

Urogymnus ukpam

IUCN Status: EN B1+2abcd (version 2.3 1994)

· extent of occurrence

· area of occupancy

· area, extent and/or quality of habitat and

· number of locations or subpopulations

Spotted Eagle Ray

Aetobatus narinari

IUCN Status: DD (version 2.3 1994)

Data deficient

Giant Devilray

Mobula mobular

IUCN Status: VU A1cd (version 2.3 1994)

A population decline rate of > 80% 50% 20% over the last 10 years or three generations using past population reductions (observed, estimated, inferred or suspected) based on:

· a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and

· actual or potential levels of exploitation

Manta Ray

Manta birostris

IUCN Status: DD version 3.1 (version 3.1 2001)

Data deficient